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| How to generate a Fast Reaction? |
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A fast reaction is a one which is the study of dynamic processes that occurs in a time range of a second to femtosecond. A fast reaction also includes some reactions like organic, inorganic, photochemical, biochemical reactions, the dynamics of colloidal systems and also includes the development of kinetic techniques that are fast. Some of the fast reactions require the use of special techniques in order to study them.
There is a technique called as Temperature-jump technique which is one of most widely used techniques for a fast reaction. This method is specifically used to measure the rate of the chemical reactions in case of solutions which are very fast and these reactions gets completed immediately after mixing the reagents. This mixture of reagents in a fast reaction is made to reach the state of equilibrium, and after which the equilibrium is perturbed by means of rise in temperature rapidly. This rapid rise of temperature is produced by joule or microwave or by means of laser heating.
The intensity of light that is absorbed or fluoresced is observed or the electrical conductivity is monitored in order to find the rate at which the new equilibrium is adjusted by the system. The rate constants of the fast reaction which are fast as comparing to the theoretical limit of 10 to power of 10 dm3 mol-1 s-1 can be measured. But there are also some limitations in using this temperature – jump apparatus.
There is an automated system of thermal analysis that is used for the study of fast exothermic reactions like intensive burning, self-inflammation, transition from the state of non-equilibrium to equilibrium state etc. Complex technical methods are used in this fast reaction to connect the instrument that is used for measuring with the computer hardware and it also requires a special mathematical supply in the form of software to work on.
Thus the usually applied method called oscillographic method which is used for recording the thermal curves occurring in a fast reaction can only cover the initial low temperature in case of a chemical reactions. Hence, the part of the thermal curve that gives the maximum rate of fast reaction becomes discontinuous and thus the high temperature decomposition study cannot be made at full efficiency.
The resolution and the accuracy of the fast reaction regarding this thermal analysis method can be increased slowly by making the transformation of the measurement signals in a numerical way, and for recording and processing the input can be sent directly to the computer. On the other hand, the versatility and the accuracy of the fast reaction go on increasing.
But two difficulties are faced with these fast reactions. First thing is that deals with the time that it takes to mix the reactants and time taken to change the temperature of the system which is important when compared with its half-life. The other difficulty faced is that deals with the time that it makes use of to measure the amount of substances which are comparable. Thus by using this system of fast reaction, the data that are needed for thermal and chemical calculations for a range of high temperature can be provided. |
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